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| c. 3100 BC |
| | Upper and Lower Egypt are unified into a single kingdom, inaugurating the first Egyptian dynasty | |
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| c. 2580 BC |
| | Egypt enters the period known as the Old Kingdom, its first era of monumental architecture | |
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| c. 2350 BC |
| | Sargon conquers the other Mesopotamian states and establishes a dynasty with a new capital at Akkad, close to modern Baghdad | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | The centre of power in Egypt moves to the interior, with the capital at Thebes rather than Memphis | |
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| c. 1700 BC |
| | The Hittites build an empire based on their stronghold at Hattusa (now Bogazkale) in Anatolia | |
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| c. 1630 BC |
| | The Hyksos, arriving from the middle east, win control of Egypt and rule for a century | |
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| c. 1540 BC |
| | The New Kingdom begins in Egypt, bringing the most spectacular of all the dynasties | |
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| c. 1490 BC |
| | Hatshepsut takes power in Egypt, and is unusual in being a female pharaoh | |
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| c. 1400 BC |
| | The Great City Shang, on a site later known as An-yang, develops as the capital of China's first dynasty | |
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| c. 1350 BC |
| | The pharaoh Akhenaten creates a new capital city on the Nile at Tell el Amarna | |
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